BRAIN WAVES AND AI – THE VEDIC VIEW.
-Basudeba Mishra
मनोबुद्धिरहङ्कारश्चितं करणमान्तरम् ।
संशयो निश्चयो गर्वः स्मरणं विषया अमी ।
We have five external sense organs. There are four internal sense organs also. The first is mind (मन), which operates from the heart. Its function is to receive external impulses through the sense organs, mix them and generate various alternative interpretations based on the previously experiences and stored data in memory and send these through the brain stem to the cerebrum. The next is intelligence (बुद्धि), which operates from the cerebrum. Its function is to analyze the impulses and decide on one option. The third is ego (अहङ्कार), which operates from cerebellum. It approves the decision and issues further instructions for its implementation. The last is Chitta (चित्त), which operates from the hippocampus, which stores all memory. Information is processed in the brain like that in a computer.
Information Theory is based on the concept of writing instructions that will make the computer follow and run a program based on those instructions or matching perceptions of the transmitter with the receiver. Perception is the processing of the result of measurements of different but related fields of something with some stored data to convey a combined form “it is like that”, where “it” refers to an object (constituted of bits) and “that” refers to a concept signified by the object (self-contained representation). Measurement returns restricted information related to only one field at a time. To understand all aspects, we have to take multiple readings of all aspects. Hence in addition to encryption (language phrased in terms of algorithms executed on certain computing machines – sequence of symbols), compression (quantification and reduction of complexity – grammar) and data transmission (sound, signals), there is a necessity of mixing information (mass of text, volume of intermediate data, time over which such process will be executed) related to different aspects (readings generated from different fields), with a common code (data structure – strings) to bring it to a format “it is like that – hence that”.
In communication technology, the mixing is done through data, text, spread-sheets, pictures, voice and video. Data are discretely defined fields. What the user sees is controlled by software – a collection of computer programs. What the hardware sees is bytes and bits. In perception, these tasks are done by the brain. Data are the response of our sense organs to individual external stimuli. Text is the excitation of the neural network in specific regions of the brain. Spreadsheets are the memories of earlier perception. Pictures are the inertia of motion generated in memory (thought) after a fresh impulse, linking related past experiences. Voice is the disturbance created due to the disharmony between the present thought and the stored image (this or that, yes or no). Video is the net thought that emerges out of such interaction. Software is the memory. Hardware includes the neural network. Bytes and bits are the changing interactions of the sense organs (including sound that produces words – strings) with their respective fields generated by the objects evolving in time.
It requires an agent to mix these signals and convert them to electro-chemical information and submit to a conscious agent (operator) to cognize and utilize them. In perception, the former tasks are done by a transitory neural activity in brain called intellect. Though, it is not directly perceptible (प्रकृतिलयाः), it is inferred from its actions – firing of positrons in specific areas of brain during perception. Hence even after the breath stops, a person may not be brain dead as the intellect (and not the mind) may still be functional. While mind facilitates the transport of various external impulses, the interpretation after mixing of the state of superposition of various thoughts/inputs in memory (विकल्प), is done by transitory intellect. The Conscious Self that cognizes is different from all these.
We can know about something that exists only when it is revealed to our Self for observation. All revelations involve instantaneous transfer of energy, whose existence is realized only during change of state of the observed. Since the basic concepts cognized by all persons at all times are similar, and since the cognition of “I” is always related to all perceptions, it must be universal. It does not grow or reduce. It is not affected by these transformations, like the Sun is not affected when the water flows or is muddied and its reflection is affected by such actions. When water flows from a higher position to lower down, if it faces an obstruction, it takes whatever channel is available and goes till its surface balance is maintained. On the other side (side facing Earth), it acquires the shape of the Earth’s surface. It is like casting of a die for using mould to create a shape. Similarly, all impulses carried by mind is mixed and presented through reflection by intellect for observation by Conscious Self, which is the repository of all concepts. After it is compared with the data bank (memory) of concepts associated with Self, we cognize as ‘I know this (the object) is like that (the concept)’. That ‘Knower’ or ‘Observer’ is Consciousness.
The result of measurement is always related to a time t, and is frozen for use at later times t1, t2, etc, when the object has evolved further. All other unknown states are combined together and are called superposition of states. Hence there is an uncertainty inherent in it, which Shannon calls entropy. In perception, the concept remains in a superposition of states and collapses in response to some stimuli. In information technology, the updating is done by an agent. In perception, it is done by the neural network and memory. All information has a source rate (complexity) that can be measured in bits per second (speed) and requires a transmission channel (mode) with a capacity equal to or greater than the source rate (intelligence or memory level). In perception, these are the intelligence level and mind.
Nature follows this principle for storing and processing information. The nature of energy is to displace, which leads to transformation. Objects are perceived only during such transition. Such transitions involve standing waves, which also generate sound. Thus, perception includes audio-visual aspects or e.m. and sound waves. A wave, by definition, is continuous. A particle is discrete. Hence something can be described both as a wave and a particle only at a point – the interface of two waves. The photon consists of two standing waves of force – one an expansive electro force and the other the contractive magnetic force. When these waves intersect each other perpendicularly, it is called an electromagnetic particle. The particle vanishes as the forces separate in their continuation as standing waves. Photon is the locus of this interface in a direction perpendicular to both. Hence it is called the carrier of e.m. energy and has no rest mass. A wave always requires a medium. Since density plays an important role in momentum transfer and since density of space is the minimum, the velocity of photon in space is maximum.
In the mechanism of perception, each sense organ perceives different kind of impulses related to the fundamental forces of Nature. Eyes see by comparing the electromagnetic field set up by the object with that of the electrons in our cornea, which is the unit. Thus, we cannot see in total darkness because there is nothing comparable to this unit. Tongue perceives when the object dissolves in the mouth, which is macro equivalent of the weak nuclear interaction. Nose perceives when the finer parts of an object are brought in close contact with the smell buds, which is macro equivalent of the strong nuclear interaction. Skin perceives when there is motion that is macro equivalent of the gravitational interaction. Individually the perception has no meaning (अनवर्णे इमे भूमी –तैत्तिरीयारण्यकम् १.८). They become information and acquire meaning only when they are pooled in our memory.
In the perception “this (object) is like that (the concept)”, one can describe “that” only if one has perceived it earlier. Perception requires prior measurement of multiple aspects or fields and storing the result of measurement in a centralized system (memory) to be retrieved when needed. To understand a certain aspect, we just refer to the data bank and see whether it matches with any of the previous readings or not. The answer is either yes or no. Number is a perceived property of all substances by which we differentiate between similars. Hence they are most suited for describing messages concerning everything. Since the higher or lower numbers are perceived in a sequence of one at a time, it can be accumulated or reduced by one at each step making it equivalent to binary systems.
Binary system used by computers and Boolean Logic started in Vedanga. Chhanda has a branch called Gana, which uses Laghu (symbolized by I) and Guru (symbolized by ऽ) in place of 1 and 0 in modern computing. There are eight Ganas. Pingala gives the formula यमाताराजभानसलगम्, which means:
1. यमाता – यगण = । ऽ ऽ – आदि लघु
2. मातारा – मगण = ऽ ऽ ऽ – सर्वगुरु
3. ताराज – तगण = ऽ ऽ । – अन्तलघु
4. राजभा – रगण = ऽ । ऽ – मध्यलघु
5. जभान – जगण =। ऽ । – मध्यगुरु
6. भानस – भगण = ऽ । । – आदिगुरु
7. नसल – नगण =। । । – सर्वलघु
8. सलगाः – सगण =। । ऽ – अन्तगुरु
For convenience, it is mentioned as:
मो गंगागो नो लीलालो भो गोलोलो यो लिंगागः । जो लिंगालो रो गालीगः सो लंलिंगः तो गंगालः ।
It is a much more advanced method and avoids the uncertainty related to superposition and entanglement in quantum computing.
It is a much more advanced method and avoids the uncertainty related to superposition and entanglement in quantum computing. For example:
I I IIऽI ऽI II ऽII
जय हनुमान ज्ञान गुन सागर ।
II IऽI II ऽI IऽII
जय कपीस तिहुँ लोक उजागर ।
ऽI ऽI IIII IIऽऽ
राम दूत अतुलित बलधामा ।
ऽII ऽI III II ऽऽ
अंजनि पुत्र पवन सुत नामा ।
The flow of energy (including fluids where the binding energy is less compared to solids) is always from higher density to lower density – they self-organize or tend to achieve equal concentration or equality (समरस). The up quarks and down quarks interchange perpetually to convert protons to neutrons and vice versa. Planets wobble in their orbits to self-organize the barycentre when it is disturbed due to interaction of various bodies that revolve around the star. Sea water level self organizes through high and low tides. Are these freewill or deterministic?
Let us take another example. The essential ingredients like water, minerals (food), etc, in plants defy gravity to move upwards (ऊर्द्ध्वस्रोता). The flow in all other living beings except human beings is always slanted (तीर्यक्स्रोता). In human beings, it is essentially from head downwards (अर्वाक्स्रोता). In fact, the flow of semen during intercourse follows this pattern – so that only human beings can copulate facing each other in their normal posture with male up (give out) and female down (take in). All others have to compulsorily bend or turn differently for copulation (तीर्यक्योनि).
How do our sensory agencies function? At any moment, our sense organs are bombarded by a multitude of stimuli. But at any instant only one of them is given a clear channel to go up to the thalamus and then to the cerebral cortex, so that like photographic frames, we perceive one discrete frame at every instant, but due to the high speed of their reception, mix it up – so that it appears as continuous like a film. Unlike the sensory agencies that are subject specific (eyes can only receive electromagnetic radiation, ears only sound, etc.); the transport system within the body functions for all types of sensory impulses. This occurs against concentration gradients with the input energy like the sodium-potassium pump in our body, which moves the two ions in opposite directions across the plasma membrane through break down of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Concentrations of the two ions on both sides of the cell membrane are interdependent, suggesting that the same carrier transports both ions. Similarly, the same carrier transports the external stimuli from sensory agencies to the cerebral cortex and back as a command. This carrier is the “indriyam (इन्द्रियम्)” called mind (मनस्). The existence of mind is inferred from the knowledge or lack of it about external stimuli. Only if the mind transports different external impulses to the brain for mixing and comparison with the stored data, we (Self) know about that (for the first time impulse received about something, there is no definite ‘knowledge’). Shatapatha Braahmanam 10-5-4 (चित्याग्नौ लोकदृष्ट्युपासनं ब्राह्मणम्) deals with this subject elaborately.
Contrary to modern Quantum Field Theory, there are only two types of fields: The external reality, which is one and universal; and the mental field, which is internal and one for each species (स्थूलसूक्ष्मविभागेन द्विधा क्षेत्रमवस्थितम् । कार्यषोडशकं स्थूलं सूक्ष्मं बुद्ध्यादिमात्रजम्।। विष्णुसंहिता ४.४). A field is a region of space, upon entering which, we experience a force. Depending upon the nature of the force, we name the same field differently, like football field, hockey field, cricket field, etc. But the stadium remains one. If 17 games are played in a stadium, the stadium does not become 17 as is considered in the Standard Model of particle Physics.
The normal state in our brain is called the mental field (चित्तभूमि). They are of five types due to the nature of the five types of fundamental interactions. There are now called Beta, Alpha, Theta, Delta, and Gamma brain waves linked to an active and alert mind (oscillating electrical voltages in the brain measuring a few millionths of a volt studied in EEG).
The first of these is based on the principle of repelling all impulses (उत्क्षेपण), and is called Kshipta (क्षिप्त). Here the mind is highly unstable, as it continuously repulses the thoughts coming towards it. It is called beta brain waves, which operates in the energy range of 12 to 35 Hz. When the opposite reaction starts (अपक्षेपण), the mind is fixed on one point (मूढ). This is called Alpha brain waves, which operates in the energy range of 8 to 12 Hz). When the mind oscillates between the above two states continuously moving from one state to the other (गमनम्), it is called Vikshipta (विक्षिप्त) – Theta brain waves, which operates in the energy range of 4 to 8 Hz. When the incoming impulses are compressed (सङ्कोचनम्), then it is called Ekagra (एकाग्र), Delta brain waves, which operates in the energy range of 0.5 to 4 Hz. When there is equanimity (प्रसारणम्), then it is called Niruddha (निरुद्ध), Gamma brain waves, which operates in the energy range of < 0.5 Hz.
This knowledge is now being used in China to read brain and regulate its functions. This technology is being used in the sixth generation fighter aircrafts to study the mind of the pilot and take appropriate decision using AI.
