ENTANGLEMENT – THE VEDIC VIEW.
Shri Basudeba Mishra Sharma
Quantum entanglement is a grossly misunderstood physical phenomenon that is said to occur when pairs or groups of particles are generated, interact, or share spatial proximity, even when the particles are separated by a large distance, in ways such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the state of the others. This is an unscientific view. In alpha decay, two protons and two neutrons are generated, but they are not entangled. To create entangled particles we essentially break a system into two, where the sum of the parts is known. For example, we can split a particle with spin of zero into two particles that necessarily will have opposite spins so that their sum is zero.
We can’t describe any joint macro or quantum system (अङ्गी) in terms of local descriptions – one for each system (अङ्ग) because of two factors: the scale factor (proportionate-ness) and mobility. The maximum proportion between protons and neutrons varies between 1:1 and 1:1.6. That can’t be violated. Unlike macro particles, the quantum particles are always in a state of motion – hence position becomes a probability. Entangled particle pairs have no “choices” like both be spin-up or spin-down. Symmetry determines the formation of entangled pairs. The two spin states (a universal property and not exclusively quantum) of individual particles are not in a “superposition of both states” simultaneously, but in complementary states of mirror symmetry. When one of the pairs is measured, both spin state – up or down – is known. Schrödinger proposed his thought experiment as a parody, or reductio ad absurdum, though now it is used for the opposite purpose.
When two particles (not only a pair of photons or electrons) are created as an entangled pair, they maintain their respective states, and may or may not remain connected when separated. Entanglement arises from the condition between particles during their formation like the twin spin states, which are mirror symmetric. Thus, it is like a twin property. Having information about one particle automatically gives information about the companion, irrespective of where they are. There can be correlation without communication between the two. Like a flock of birds, the particles become a whole entity unto itself without being in direct contact with one another. The entangled particles have always been mirror-symmetric (like spin-up and spin-down), but the information about the specific state was not known to us until we measure one.
It is said that an unobserved photon exists in all possible states simultaneously but, when observed or measured, it exhibits only one state. This statement is not scientific, as without observation and measurement, we cannot “know” the state of something, including the state of superposition. Assuming that unobserved photon exists in all possible states simultaneously, when observation shows otherwise, amounts to negating knowledge by ignorance.
Spin – be it of quantum particles or stars and planets – is an axis of rotation. The Earth comes back to the same position with respect to the Sun after one full rotation. That is spin 1. The relative position of Jupiter’s orbit appears along the same axis after half revolution around its barycenter with Sun. That is half-integer spin. Moon completes one revolution around the Earth in about 27 days, which is known as one sidereal month. But the lunar cycles through all its phases (looks similar) in 29.5 days. That is its spin. Venus has the opposite spin than Earth or other planets. Sun and Jupiter and Earth’s atmosphere spin in different layers. Similarly, the quantum world has different spin states. The individual spin effects cancel each other in a confined and stable object. These are properties of particles that occupy space and not that of energy. Energy is spread out in its base – a particle or a field.
A photon is electromagnetic radiation released at certain energy scales. Radiation (तेज) is the emission or transmission of energy that pushes ahead (तीक्ष्णीकरण) in the form of waves or (तिरश्चीनो विततो रश्मिरेषामधः स्विदासी३दुपरि स्विदासी३त्). This may cause ionization in high-energy particles, while moving through space or through a material medium. It cannot propagate without a medium – whether material or field (क्षेत्र – that which acts as a base for matter and energy – निवासग॒त्योः and itself changes accordingly – क्ष॒ये). Energy is never at rest, but always moves mass, unless it is confined and the opposite effects cancel each other. If it moves one mass in any direction, the equal and opposite reaction will cause other mass to be moved in the opposite direction (स्पर्शवद्रव्यसंयोगविशेषविरोधी क्वचित्कारणगुणपूर्वक्रमेणोत्पद्यते). This produces a pair, which may be entangled for certain distance – never infinitely as was postulated by some “great” scientists like in EPR. After some distance, it gets diluted due to friction with the medium and finally split like a rubber band (the two ends of which remain entangled when stretched and the entanglement remains till it splits).
This leads to three types of entanglement akin to the mechanism of the three types of inertia: inertia of motion, inertia of thought, and elasticity (वेगो भावना स्थितिस्थापकश्च). Entanglement requires a three-fold structure: a main body (अङ्गी) that generates two mirror-symmetric (अङ्ग) parts (त्रिवृतम् – त्रयो वा इमे त्रिवृतो लोकाः – ऐतरेयारण्यकम् 1-1-2) and can be caused in three different ways: due to the action of one while the other is stationary, due to the action of the other while the former is stationary, and due to the action of both (अन्यतरकर्मजः उभयकर्मजः संयोगजश्च). In each case, the displacement patterns are different.
According to modern physics, pair production is a process in which the electron and positron are formed by an incident photon on the nucleus. When a gamma-ray of threshold frequency falls on the nucleus, the formation of electron and positron takes place, provided, the gamma rays should have energy equivalent to the mass of two electrons (at least 1.02 MeV). The positron formed interacts with an electron in the environment to annihilate each other with release of energy. Internal pair production (a species of gamma decay), occurs when an unstable nucleus that has at least 1.02 MeV of excess energy ejects an electron-positron pair created within its own electromagnetic field without first producing a gamma photon.
According to the Vedas: two polarized objects (in which the magnitude and direction are related in a specified way – घर्मा – घृ॒ क्षरणदी॒प्त्योः – दीप्यमानावग्न्यादित्यौ) are interdependent and coexisting (समन्ता – संव्याप्तदिगन्तौ) in a three-fold confinement (त्रिवृतं – nucleus-electron orbits and the intermediate space) sharing spatial proximity (व्यापतुः – अविरलदेशत्व) are activated by an energy source (मातरिश्वा) that keeps (जगाम – गतवान्) both (तयोः) interconnected (जुष्टिं – जुषीँ॒ प्रीतिसेव॒नयोः॑). The quantum states (देवाः – दिवुँ मर्द॑ने) of compact nucleic part and the radiative part (दिवस्पयः – दिवति भासति इति, पयँ॒ऽ गतौ॑), know (विदुः) the essence (अर्कम्) and contain (दिधिषाणा – लोकधारणशीलाः – धि॒ धार॑णे) and pick up (अवेषन् – ईषँ उ॒ञ्छे) the radiation (सहसामानम् – सर्वं तेजः सामरूप्यं ह शश्वत् – तैत्तिरीयब्राह्मणम् – 3-12-9-2) emitted by the main source (घर्मा समन्ता त्रिवृतं व्यापतुस्तयोर्जुष्टि मातरिश्वा जगाम । दिवस्पयो दिधिषाणा अवेषन् विदुर्देवाः सहसामानमर्कम् (ऋग्वेदः 10-114-1).
Before discussing types of entanglement, it is necessary to discuss the Degrees of Freedom. When each of a maximum number of logically independent values affect the range of states in a data sample – in particular any of the directions in which independent motion can occur – the number of independent variables that can be estimated in a statistical analysis and tell how many items can be randomly selected before constraints must be put in place, are called degrees of freedom. This is a highly misleading statement.
For example, in the Vedas, each letter can be classified into three categories (ह्रस्व-दीर्घ-प्लुत) according to time taken for pronunciation (मात्राभेद). Each of these could be again classified into three categories (उदात्त-अनुदात्त-स्वरित) according to the position of the place of origin in the vocal system (स्थानभेद). Each of these could be again classified into two categories (अनुनासिक-अननुनासिक) according to whether they are nasal or non-nasal. This way, each letter can be pronounced in at least 18 different ways. Each pronunciation can change the meaning differently or make the word meaningless. Some may even have opposite meanings (इन्द्रशत्रुः). This doesn’t mean each letter has 18 degrees of freedom. It only specifies their proper use. Similarly, degree of freedom really means the variables could be arranged in that many ways. The effect will be as per the manner in which the used variables affect the outcome.
The process (विधिः) leading to generation of entanglement (अङ्गविधिः) could be of three types (अपूर्वविधिः, नियमविधिः, परिसङ्ख्याविधिः). The first is local generation of the symmetric form, without which there would be no entanglement. It is called prime entanglement (अपूर्वविधिः), because nothing is possible without this (यो विधिरत्यन्ताप्राप्तमर्थं प्रापयति स अपूर्वविधिः । एतत् विधिः अभावे विहितकार्यं कथमपि न प्राप्नोति). Not only a pair of spin-up and spin-down photons, but our two hands and legs are also entangled this way. They are mirror symmetric and perform efficiently as long as they are connected to each other (संनिपत्योपकारक). Like the inertia of motion (वेग) is generated, after an initial force generates a new motion, the entanglement is generated after an initial application of force.
The second is called in modern science as the Hyperentanglement (नियमविधिः). It is defined as the entanglement in multiple degrees of freedom of a quantum system, such as polarization, spatial-mode, orbit-angular-momentum, time-bin and frequency, degrees of freedom of photons, etc (यो विधिः पक्षे प्राप्तमर्थं नियमयति स नियमविधिः). The multiple degrees of freedom, with its high-capacity character, are used to carry information in quantum information processing. The hyperentangled photon systems are produced locally, which leads to the decoherence of the hyperentanglement when the photons are distributed over a channel with environment noise or stored in practical quantum devices. Our shoes and socks are entangled in this way. They are mirror symmetric and perform efficiently even when they are not connected to each other (आरादुपकारक). Like after an impulse is received by any of our senses, the mind draws from memory related or similar impulses, which generates an inertia of thought in a specific direction (भावना), Hyper-entanglement uses multiple high-capacity characters for quantum information processing.
Entanglement involving both discrete and continuous variables is called hybrid entanglement (परिसङ्ख्याविधिः). Instead of entanglement between discrete or continuous variables only, here the entanglement between discrete and continuous subsystems are considered (द्वयौः समुच्चित्यप्राप्तावितरनिवृत्तिफलको विधिः परिसङ्ख्याविधिः). Two ends of a rubber string when stretched, are an example of inertia of restoration (स्थितिस्थापक). The continued entanglement between the two ends of the new pieces remain even if it is stretched and it snaps.
