– Basudeba Mishra
Andrey Gorodyskiy has raised an important point: # “I updated in the database of this group calculations about the orbits between the sun and the earth, even between the earth and the moon, and it is still the same, precise E=m2*v^2=G*m1*m2/r, m2 is the mass of the orbiting body, when a galaxy orbits the whole universe, the same formula is used”.#
The conclusion is obvious. Energy (शक्ति) is the great unknown quantity, whose existence is perceived and measured during its state of change. Mass, charge, etc. (उत्पाद्य, आप्य, संस्कार्य, विकार्य), are properties observed by others, during instantaneous transfer of energy. Like space and time, energy also is a mental construct (बुद्धिनिर्माण) that cannot be perceived directly, but is observed through its effect on mass (परोक्षेण – परोक्षप्रिया वै देवाः प्रत्यक्षद्विषः). Everything in the universe is ever moving (गच्छतीति जगत्). There is nothing as rest except the universe itself, with reference to the background in which it rests – though like everything else, it is also spinning on its axis. If we do not consider the universe as static at one coordinate, it would be an extension of galactic clusters – a group of galactic clusters like the solar system or the galaxy are parts of a bigger system. Then we have to find out what is bigger than the universe. In that case Multiverse would mean not separate universes – either connected or disconnected with each other – but a bigger system containing a group of galactic clusters.
Rest (स्थिति) is a state where all forces (बल) acting on a body cancel each other. Removal or addition of one force by an observer resolves “rest” into two equal and opposite forces being released. The motion (गति) of mass, which really is the density of the structure against its background, is directly proportional to the energy applied to destabilize the “rest”. In the same background, one needs more energy to move a mass at greater speed. Thereafter, inertia takes care of till that is modified by the resistance of the medium.
But the picture changes, when there is interaction between two bodies against some specific background (रस). In the first case, the two bodies may merge to create a new body like what happens in strong interaction – two quarks merge to create a proton or a neutron due to confined accumulation of energy at one point. It is like heating a piece of ice. Both (the confining energy of ice and expansive heat energy) change their state to become stable water. In ancient India, this relation was called ANTARYAAMA – अन्तर्याम सम्बन्ध. The motion is called NITYA GATI – नित्यगति, as if they are perpetually in motion within the confinement. In the macro world, it appears as compression – AAKUNCHANA – आकुञ्चन.
In the second case, while both merge, the massive one may move slightly more due to inertia and in the process interact strongly with another particle to change into a new particle, as in weak interaction. Here one massive down quark interacts with another to get converted to a proton and releases an electron in beta decay, with the surplus energy appearing as a neutrino. It is like the water getting hot after heating. Heat energy enters the water molecule to change its state of motion and its density. In ancient India, this relation was called VAHIRYAAMA – बहिर्याम सम्बन्ध. The motion is called SAMPRASAADA GATI – सम्प्रसादगति, as, even though they are perpetually in motion within the confinement, they are in a stable state. In the macro world, it appears as अवक्षेपण.
In the third case, both may not couple strongly, but their energies may interchange to reach an equilibrium position like that in electromagnetic interaction. It is like a hot object kept in a metallic pot – the hot object heats up the metallic pot and gets cooled in turn. In ancient India, this relation was called UPAYAAMA – उपयाम सम्बन्ध. The motion is called YAJNA GATI – यज्ञगति (यज् सङ्गतिकरणे), because, this characteristic leads to chemical reactions with other atoms/elements. In the macro world, it appears as प्रसारण.
In the fourth case, one particle may get destabilized due to excessive internal energy and break up like in radioactive interaction or alpha decay. It is like popping up of a corn from the hot plate. In ancient India, this relation was called YATAYAAMA – यातयाम सम्बन्ध. The motion is called SAAMPARAAYA GATI – साम्परायगति, as one particle moves away from the main mass in radioactive disintegration of alpha decay. In the macro world, it appears as उत्क्षेपण.
All the above four cases are intra-body or interactions that originate from within a confinement. But when it comes to interaction between two distinct bodies, it presents a combined picture. The scales of Nature are of two types: discreet and continuous. All confined objects, their properties and their interactions are discreet. When a confined object interacts with another, it creates a type of impression on the other. We call it mass. The two bodies do not merge into one (like strong interaction), unless one breaks up (like in weak interaction or radioactive disintegration). Yet, they remain loosely confined against a common barycenter that is at equilibrium like in electromagnetic interaction. This relation is the force of gravitation – मुख्यप्राण, which was known in ancient India as UDYAAMA – उद्याम सम्बन्ध. Here the barycenter is determined by not only the product of the densities (mass) of the two bodies, but also the density of the medium, which is revealed as the constant. Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity “g” varies with height, where the density of the atmosphere changes. Since there is no relative motion between the two particles or bodies as they are entangled, in ancient India, it was called URUGAAYA PRATISHTHAA – उरुगाय प्रतिष्ठा. However, since both are in motion against the background, in the macro world, it was called गमन.
Thus, the same mathematics and physics governs both the micro and the macro worlds. This one force is resolved into the total five fundamental forces of Nature – पञ्चवायवः. Just like E symbolizes energy in physics notation, NA – न symbolizes heat energy AGNI – अग्नि in Vedic sciences. It always moves particles and was the first force that created the universe. Being the first force, it is AGRI – अग्रि, which in Vedic science of indirect description, became AGNI – अग्नि (यास्क निरुक्त). The only other thing that moves particles is the force of gravitation. Hence it is called ANA – अन, which literally means not heat energy. This is pure energy. When it interacts with mass, it appears differently (बलादन्यः प्रतीयते) and makes the motion special (विशिनष्टि तमेवार्थम्). Hence different prefixes (उपसर्ग) are added to ANA – अन to indicate the special function.
Thus, the gravitational force UDYAAMA – उद्याम becomes VYAANA – व्यान (वि+अन). For this reason, it is said that:
न प्राणेन नापानेन मर्त्यो जीवति कश्चन।
इतरेण तु जीवन्ति यस्मिन्नेतावुपाश्रितौ।।
The strong interaction ANTARYAAMA – अन्तर्याम becomes APAANA (अपान – अप + अन). The weak interaction VAHIRYAAMA – बहिर्याम becomes PRAANA – प्राण (प्र प्रकर्ष + अन). The radioactive decay (alpha decay) YATAYAAMA – यातयाम becomes UDAANA – उदान (उत् + अन). And the electromagnetic interaction UPAYAAMA – उपयाम becomes SAMAANA – समान (सम् + अन).
In the equation E=m2*v^2, E stands for energy requirement for a body to continuously move at a constant speed v. The term v^2 arises because after the initial force is applied to move a body, it acquires constant velocity v as per the formula f = ma (actually it is mv). After this, the body is displaced from the source of the force. Then the body moves at the constant velocity v due to inertia. Unless an additional force is applied to keep the body at the same velocity, it would lose velocity due to the effect of other forces in that field, including air friction. This necessitates an equalizing force that appears as v^2. This changes the equation to f = ma, because the rate of change of velocity is balanced to keep the body at constant speed. वेगो …. निमित्तविशेषापेक्षात् कर्मणो जायते नियतदिक्क्रियाप्रबन्धहेतुः – In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the object: F = ma (for projectile).
In the equation E=G*m1*m2/r, the same principle applies. The r is their respective distances (from their center of mass treating them as point particles) from the barycenter. G appears due to the proportionality of the density of the medium in determining the final velocity of the bodies. Since the equalizing effect of the spread of density increases over large areas, the E varies with not only G, but also r.
When a galaxy within a galactic cluster orbits the whole universe, it does not move in a straight line, but in a curved circular path, which appears as elliptical due to the moving center (तिरश्चीनो विततो रश्मीरेषामधः स्वीदासी३दुपरि स्वीदासी३त्). But what about the galactic clusters? They appear to be moving away equally in all directions. This points to a closed and spinning universe, which can explain both the red-shift and blue-shift without involving dark energy. According to ancient Indian view, they appear in hexagonal shapes as a bee-hive, each one representing one universe.