LEGGETT-GARG INEQUALITY – THE VEDIC VIEW – I.
Shri Basudeba Mishra
Can a particle be in two different places at the same time? Never. The particle is detected in one place only. The suggestion that a particle can be in two places at the same time refers to the so-called wave-particle duality. It is said that sometimes (when they are detected) particles seem to behave as point-like objects, while at other times, they seem to behave like waves. The truth is ALL motions are wave motions (तिरश्चीनो विततो रश्मिरेषामधः स्विदासी३दुपरि स्विदासी३त्।). It is like moving in a crowd. There is no void in the universe. While moving ahead, we turn left and right alternatively to avoid resistance in front. When the “crowd” is relatively sparse, the wave motion is not perceptible. In the quantum world, it is evident.
We always see particles in one place at a time. An electron that hits a screen, leaves a dot as the effect. There is no evidence that something is seen at two positions at the same time or have multiple effects, unless they are a chain of effects. The effects of action are divided into four categories as follows:
- उत्पाद्य – creation – generation of a body similar in property with the earlier body.
- आप्य – consolidation – simple assimilation, without any change in property.
- संस्कार्य–transformation due to addition leading to change in property.
- विकार्य- transmutation due to reduction of some parts leading to change in property.
Any event leading to the above effects is called an action sequence.
Each action is momentary (भूतभावोद्भवकरो विसर्गः कर्मसंज्ञित – the discharge that expresses inherent properties in objects is called action – the duration of a moment may vary) and follows the sequence: –
- Action (क्रिया) starts due to weight, fluidity, application of force or contact with something (गुरुत्वद्रवत्वप्रयत्नसंयोगजत्वं).
- This leads to decoupling of the particle in which action starts from the space occupied by it or from other substances (क्रियातो विभागः).
- Such decoupling leads to cessation of its previous coupling with the space occupied by it or from other substances (विभागात् पूर्वसंयोगः नाशः).
- This leads to coupling with the adjacent space (ततो उत्तरसंयोगः) in a continuum of positions.
An action ends with coupling with the adjacent space in any direction (कार्यविरोधि कर्म). Then the next action starts (प्रथमक्रियानाशः → द्वितीयक्रियोत्पत्तिः). The above sequence is treated as the universal characteristic of action and anything that satisfies the above condition is described as an action. What is seen as continuous actions is not one action, but are a series of actions. All these motions are in waves. Because of our inability to differentiate between the particle and its motion due to scale factor, we confuse it as wave-particle duality. Wavefunction has no physical meaning. Only its square has physical meaning.
There is great confusion and misinterpretation about superposition of states. According to quantum mechanics, if particles in particular places exist, then so do sums of those particles. These sums are called “superpositions”. If a particle is in one place, the same particle cannot be in another place. But in quantum mechanics, it is considered not the sum of two particles but a product. Mathematically, this is a wrong concept.
According to Vedic principles, a property is defined as that which is found in objects, has no properties other than its own (गुणे गुणाभाव), and does not cause accumulation or division on its own (द्रव्याश्रय्यगुणवान् संयोगविभागेष्वकारणमनपेक्ष इति गुणलक्षणम्). Number is a property of all substances by which we differentiate between similars (संख्यासर्वस्यभेदिका). It can be found in one object or many objects (सा पुनरेकद्रव्या चानेकद्रव्या च). But the number one only means that there is nothing similar to it or if there are similars, they are a linear accumulation or reduction of one’s. Numbers increase or decrease by one at a time. If you divide an object to 100 parts and take out one part, that part becomes one, even though it is one-hundredth of the earlier one. So number is not related to any other measurable quantity (परिमाण), but only to accumulation and reduction. The composite one is perceived due to inertia of mind or mental projection only (समूहज्ञानस्य संस्कारहेतुत्वात् – बुद्धिसहितेभ्यो निष्पत्तिरपेक्षाबुद्धिविनाशाद् विनाश इति).
A sum is linear accumulation. A product is non-linear accumulation that is not contradictory, but supplementary to linear accumulation. If there is an apple at one place and another apple next to it, the sum will be two as linear accumulation. The mechanism is described by Kanada and I had written a book on this in 2006. But if there are apples in six rows with five apples in each row, the total will be 30 by both addition or multiplication. Here the non-linearity comes from the partial arrangement of apples in rows and columns. Neither row is complete not column is complete to describe all apples. Multiplication is related to total product on partly similar things like rows and columns. We multiply rows with columns. You can’t multiply apples and oranges. You have to place them in rows and columns as fruits and then multiply the rows and columns of fruits. Hence, sums are not always the same as products. There is a dimensional difference.
Position has fixed coordinates in a frame of reference, where an object is placed and described by zero displacement – hence zero momentum. Momentum is continuous motion of the object in a field (and not the field), where fixed position is zero. If you multiply position and momentum, the result will be zero, because one of the factors will always be zero. Uncertainty is inherent in nature due to our inability to know and control all factors affecting the outcome of any operation (कर्मण्यैवाधिकारस्ते मा फलेषु कदाचन). There is no limit to the uncertainty. It can be zero to infinity. Hence, Heisenberg is wrong.
निरंशस्वांशप्रभेदाद्वस्तुलोकेद्विधास्मृतम् ।
अंशनामंगइत्याहुश्शास्त्रेषुज्ञानवित्तमाः ।
वस्तुनितद्विशिष्टानिसांशानीतिविदुर्बुधाः ।
वस्तुनितद्विहिनानिनिरंशानीतिचक्रमात् ।
What are called hadrons and leptons in particle physics, are known as with parts (स्वांश) and without parts (निरंश) in Vedic science. Here part means structural components that create new content and modify content received from contributors. Hadrons (स्वांश) have constituent quarks (quarks – पारिमाण्डिल्यः, mesons – द्वाणुकः, and baryons – त्राणुकः) and antiquarks.
साङ्गोपाङ्गविशिष्टस्वरूपाणांसांशवस्तुनाम् ।
व्यापकत्वंस्वप्रदेशमन्तरानहिविद्यते ।
The quarks are not static, but are moving rapidly within the proton and neutron, which energy is considered as the extra mass of protons and neutrons above their constituent quarks. But their motion is confined within a limit (हृद्यः) due to their loose interaction (संशरबन्धनम्) known as strong force (अन्तर्यामसम्बन्धः), which is nucleic (आत्मस्पृदन्तर्यामः स्याद्). These are like different circulatory systems of our body – which are free to move within a confinement, and which determine our basic nature. They start from a point (उक्थः), spread out (अर्कम्) but cannot move outside the confinement (अशीति). Alpha decay belongs to a different category of loose interaction (संशरबन्धनम्) known as radioactive disintegration (यातयामः). It is a defect (दोषधर्मः), due to some malfunction (लक्षच्युतो गतरसोयातयामो वृथाकृतः). Or it can be a waste product like we excrete (यथाऽन्नंनिहितं भुक्तैः पूति पर्युषितं भवेत्).
साङ्गोपाङ्गविहिनानांध्वान्ताकाशादिवस्तुनाम् ।
स्वस्वरूपांविनाव्यापकत्वंसर्वत्रविद्यते ।
Leptons (निरंश) are elementary particles that exist on their own and have no parts. They can spread only outside of themselves and not within themselves. When a proton radiates energy, it is confined at a boundary. The tip of the radiation, when confined (यथा पात्रेऽग्निराहितः), is called an electron (बहिरन्तस्थलस्पर्शी बहिर्यामः समागमः). It is called beta decay, which is like heat in hot water (यथा तप्तदकोऽस्थग्निः) or the redness of a cloth (यथा वस्त्रस्य लालिमा) – a temporary relation (औपाधिक). Our sense organs function on this principle (यथा देवा इहेन्द्रिये). But electromagnetic interaction (उपयामः) is not inherently related to the nucleus, and remains as an outer covering (पृष्ठस्पृत्) like our clothes (यथा वासः शरीरगम्).
Superposition is possible only in the case of Niramsha (निरंश), like space, light, etc. It will be described next.
(to be continued).
