WHAT IS ENERGY – 2?
Basudeba Mishra
For describing an object unambiguously, we must describe its position, its constituent particles or parts, their sequential arrangement, and the frame of reference (the field or the base on which such object rests or is in motion). Except the last, all others are not separate from the object. For example, position is only an arbitrarily determined variable point in a frame of reference where the object can be found. Every object is created from the same source – quarks and leptons, but their different arrangements make the objects different from each other. Different particles are different numbers of the same protons, neutrons and electrons only. But what is the common source of all these? The answer is energy. Apart from the field, this is the only fundamental object (commonality in perception and stable in form in everything). The third – Consciousness – is not being discussed at present. Proceed further only if you are willing to apply your minds to new and novel ideas.
Energy is a quantitative property inherent in everything that induces motion – it makes everything move. Motion is change of position in space or a frame of reference. There is nothing as bare charge or bare mass. They are inseparable complements that must be found together. Their efforts to restore equilibrium by uniting with each other creates the two charges. Positive charge always tries to radiate out from a central point like in a proton. Negative charge always confines the positive charge like an electron.
QED is said to be a renormalized theory as a consequence of spontaneous symmetry breaking. But if something breaks spontaneously, it cannot be symmetric! In some versions of QFT, the bare mass of some particles may be ± infinity, which is meaningless, as infinity is not a big number, but something that cannot be measured. If it passes through zero, it means we can measure its one end. Hence, it is not infinite.
In the theory of the electroweak interaction using the Higgs boson, all particles have a bare mass of zero. This is written as: m = m0 ± δm,
where m denotes the experimentally observable mass of the particle, m0 its bare mass (?), and δm the increase in mass owing to the interaction of the particle with the medium or field. The rate of spontaneous emission of an atom or a molecule can change depending on the electromagnetic modes of the environment in which the particle is placed. Like “Purcell effect”, it should affect nuclear transitions also. The density of the medium affects mass (a stone appears lighter under water, but heavier at high altitudes). The same mass causes different effects based on the energy that propels it. Thus, δm is really not mass, but energy that increases the effect of impact when it interacts with another body. In QED radiative corrections to the electron propagator exist, no matter how far it is from other particles.
The statement: “the coupling terms in the Equation of motion (of an interacting theory) vanishes smoothly as t → ± ∞ implies that at asymptotic times there is no interaction and asymptotic states are free-states. If the interaction vanishes, the bare mass m0 change to renormalized or physical mass. But the asymptotic free-states must have physical mass m. Then, how will m0 be driven to m without interaction at t → ± ∞? The theory does not tend to become free – only the on-shell particles become non-interacting with each other because of the large distance between them.
The energy content of a body is not confined to certain position, but is spread out everywhere within the body. It is not compartmentalized or quantized, and is analog like waves in the ocean – one replaced by another continuously. It has no sequential arrangement like protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom. The body or the particle is its base like the ocean for waves. It is an inherent part of the body. Because of the difference in the pattern of entanglement, the same energy appears different. The special characteristics of a particle, which shows the degree of its interactive property, shows its energy content. This is the principle that guides our senses.
An electron has some mass and a negative charge. But if someone asks which part of the mass of an electron contains the negative charge, it cannot be described. Similarly, a quark has color charges (in addition to electric charge) and some mass. But it is not possible to identify the position of the charge in the mass of the quark. It is because; only mass has a position as it has a center around which the mass spreads. Thus, only matter particles obey Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. Energy, on the other hand, is characterized by the absence of a central point. It always flows from higher density to lower density areas to bring in equilibrium. Thus it obeys the Bose-Einstein statistics. This is one of the fundamental differences between mass and energy. The charge remain interlinked with the mass – spread out everywhere in the mass, unless restricted to certain positions by some special causes. The mass and the charge are not the same. But this difference is not observed in various physical or chemical processes. Hence, some treat mass and charge as interchangeable.
Further, the forces can interact on their own or they may be induced by an agent. This leads to two different types of forces: natural, based on their mutual energy-mass content ratio, and induced by an external agency. The fundamental forces of Nature are examples of the first category and all applications of force are examples of the second category. Time evolution brings changes in the mass, but not on the charge.
A stable system has a specific arrangement of mass, internal energy and radiation that is confined by electrons. It also forms part of the wider system that encompasses it. The external system interacts with the inner closed system. Sometimes, two or more closed and stable systems join to form a single system. Thus, the effects of the forces working on a body could be of two types: external effect and internal effect. For example, Hydrogen and Oxygen have different properties. But the properties of water, which is formed by Hydrogen and Oxygen, are different from its constituents. Neither the hydrogen nor the oxygen in water fore-go their individual characteristics. Similarly, the properties of proton and electron are not revealed by the Hydrogen atom. The properties of the quarks are not revealed by the proton or the neutron. Thus, the properties of the constituents of an object, which are its internal properties, are different from the property of the object as a whole, which is its external property. We cannot consider only external or only internal properties always.
When mass and energy are at relative equilibrium, it is called potential energy. When the energy is partially released, it is called the kinetic energy. After the released energy ceases to operate and a new equilibrium is restored, the relatively stable state is called the effect or the work done.
Energy obstructed and confined by itself from other directions or through superposition, appears as matter and matter released from the confinement is energy. Their relative manifestations appear as different forms of the same energy. Both the micro-world and the macro-world, follow the same laws of physics and replicate each other. Only we should know how to correlate them. Corresponding to six stages of time evolution (will be discussed later), the interactions are of six types.
When the interactions of energy with mass is confined to the central or nucleic region, it is called strong nuclear interaction. It is like our heart, which energizes the whole body. When the energy of the nucleus interacts with the outer shells that confine it, it is called beta decay. In the macro world, it is like the clothes we use. It is not a part of the body, but convers it. When it receives the radiation and adjusts its charge nature in tune with that, it is electromagnetic interaction. In the macro world, it is like a crystal acquiring the color of a red flower placed near it. That is how we switch on and off an electric bulb. When electricity flows in, it emits light.
All modern gravitational theories are basically either variants or extensions of Newton’s theory, which treats gravity as an attractive force, or General Relativity, which treats gravity as the effect of spacetime curvature. In the Newtonian equation, all terms in the right hand side are constant. Hence the force should be constant. That means, gravity is a stabilizing force and not an attractive force. Hence, it can’t explain the fall of the apple. GR doesn’t explain inertia nor the spatio-temporal theories on the topology and morphology. Newtonian limit is said to be applicable to slow moving bodies in flat spacetime and slowly changing or completely static gravitational fields. But these features essentially negate GR. There should be only one theory of gravitation for both strong and weak cases. In flat spacetime and static gravitational fields, gravitational effects become zero. Though these theories are good approximations, they can’t explain many anomalies.
Newton thought that the apple fell because gravity. But why did the apple chose a particular moment to fall? Before the apple fell, G, mass of the Earth and the apple, and the distance between them, were the same. Why did it not fall earlier or later? Because the mechanical force that held the apple to its stem weakened with ripening and after a threshold, was unable to support its mass against atmospheric pressure due to density variation. The atmosphere is a part of Earth and is fixed to it like any other point on Earth. The air below being less dense, it was unable to support the mass of the apple, which penetrated the air or water or mud below to a denser base – the Earth. Everything rests on Earth due to the same reason. It is not due to gravity, but due to atmospheric pressure and penetrability of mass.
When two opposite forces interact with each other at one point, they tend to disperse each other while retaining their position against a common barycenter. It is like two wrestlers trying to push each other. They use both their hands and the body. One example of it we see at the Earth’s magnetosphere, where the solar radiation is pushed by Earth’s magnetosphere. The same is true for the planetary orbits. Another example is the variance of the Gravitational constant G. It varies with a periodicity of 5.9 Earth years. Jupiter is 318 times more massive than Earth. Because the Earth is in between two big astral bodies, apart from the Sun, Jupiter affects the Earth most. Earth is tossed between these two – other effects being minimal. Just outside the Sun is the barycenter around which Jupiter revolves with a periodicity of 11.86 Earth years. Hence, every 5.93 Earth Years, the dispersion of the forces of Sun and Jupiter near Earth, has the same value in both sides of the ecliptic.
The rainbow is another visible phenomenon attributed to dispersion, but the dispersion arises out of gravity. Some Sunlight get reflected back by the rain drop in the atmosphere (like a wrestler pushing the other), while others get inside and are refracted (like the powerful one pushing in). In this process, the light splits into different colors (hands twisted). When more refraction takes place, the seven perceptible colors appear with more dispersion (body stretched).
(to be continued).