Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD – वर्ण आरोपण) In Vedas – Basudeba Mishra

QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS (QCD – वर्ण आरोपण) IN VEDAS.

यो जागार तमृच:कामयन्ते यो जागार तमु सामानि यन्ति।
यो जागार तमयं सोम आह तवाहमस्मि सख्ये न्योकाः ।। ऋग्वेदः - ५।४४।१४ ।। (Origin of QCD).

अग्निर्जागार तमृच:कामयन्ते ऽग्निर्जागार तमु सामानि यन्ति।
अग्निर्जागार तमयं सोम आह तवाहमस्मि सख्ये न्योकाः ।। ऋग्वेदः - ५।४४।१५ ।। (Origin of QED).

अजामेकां लोहितशुक्लकृष्णां बह्वीः प्रजाः सृजमानां सरूपाः । श्वेताश्वेतर उपनिषत् – ४-५ । (The three color charges).
अग्निश्च जातवेदाश्च । सहोजा अजिराप्रभुः । वैश्वानरो नर्यापाश्च । पङ्क्तिराधाश्च सप्तमः । विसर्पेवाऽष्टमोऽग्नीनाम् । एतेऽष्टौ वसवः क्षिता इति ।।
तैत्तिरीयारण्यकम्, प्रथमप्रश्नः।। ३४ ।। (the eight gluons).

Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (वर्णआरोपण – QCD) is one of the toughest branches (भावसृष्टि) of Quantum Physics. But few are aware that it is already discussed in greater detail in the Vedas. QCD is the modern theory that explains the strong force by the color charge (अन्न-अन्नादभाव) that confines quarks (परिमाण्डल्य) to create protons (वृषा) and electrons (योषा). It has a counterpart (according to Vedas, derivative) called Quantum Electrodynamics (QED – योषावृषाभाव), the quantum field theory of interactions of charged particles (लिङ्गशक्ति) with the electromagnetic field. Unlike QED (गुणसृष्टि), which is measurable indirectly through its effects, the color charge of QCD is not experimentally measurable. If we want to observe a lone quark by measuring its “signature” – color – we must be able to measure its color charge (and electric charge). However, due to the continual virtual emission of quarks and antiquarks of a different color (अशनायावृत्ति), they are very short-ranged and short-lived – we can’t isolate individual quarks. Color charge has two functions:

1. as the 3-valued charge that labels states of quarks, antiquarks, gluons and their composites, and
2. as the source of the strong interaction between quarks and antiquarks mediated by gluons (वसु).

According to the modern view, there are four field forces that are noncontact forces or forces-at-a-distance. These are called: the universal gravitation (उद्याम), electromagnetic interaction (उपयाम), the strong interaction (अन्तर्याम) and the weak interaction found in atoms. But this is neither a scientific classification nor conform to symmetry. Gravitation is an inter-body force – it acts between the center of mass between two bodies to keep them in stable orbits at maximum possible distance (उरुगायप्रतिष्ठा) around a common barycenter (महत् स्तोम). It is a polygamous force that interacts simultaneously with other systems as long as they can act as point masses, and is related to the overall density of the local field as well as the universal field that contains all. The others are monogamous intra-body forces – operate one-to-one within a confines of a body like parts of a whole. The weak force that causes radioactive decay has two divisions: those relating to alpha decay (यातयाम) that release positively charged protons and those causing beta decay (बहिर्याम) that release negatively charged electrons. These lead to all types of interaction (coupling – मैथुनीसृष्टि) to create all particles. The symmetry aspect will be explained separately.

There is much confusion and a wrong conception about fields in modern science. If you ask a scientist, instead of defining it, all they will say is that a field is a physical quantity – a number. A field in physics is a region of space, upon entering which, we experience some force. According to the nature of the force, the field is named. The electric and magnetic fields really do not exist as separate fields or in unison. Like in a football field, players exchange the ball (using force) while moving in a particular direction (spin), the electromagnetic force is the result of particles with “electric” charge (players) that exchange photons (ball) with one another. Similarly, the strong nuclear force is the result of particles with a “color” charge exchanging “gluons” with one another.

Like the players are confined within the field during play, the exchange of gluons holds the quarks together inside protons and neutrons (field). While the players have the liberty to come out of the field, the quarks enjoy this privilege partially. They appear perpetually confined (सौक्ष्म्यात्, अनिरुक्त), though the quarks can emit gluons to change their color like a player throwing ball in different directions. The same field can be used for various games by changing the players and equipment. For this reason, our ancients admitted only one field, i.e., the space that contains all physical objects (कार्यषोडशकम्), and a non-physical field (बुद्ध्यादिमात्रजम्) that involves conscious functions (स्थूल-सूक्ष्मविभागेन द्विधा क्षेत्रमवस्थितम्).

There are three “color” charges – arbitrarily called RED-GREEN-BLUE (because their combination is white). In the Vedas these are called as the three Guna (त्रिगुण) and labeled as लोहित-शुक्ल-कृष्ण – red-white-black. Vedas divide the universe into two parts: the conscious part (PURUSHA – पुरुषः) and the mechanical part (PRAKRITI – प्रकृतिः). Both have three subdivisions each. The three subdivisions of the mechanical part are called RAJA-SATTWA-TAMA (रज-सत्त्व-तम). RAJA is the energy part. SATTWA is the intelligence or information part. TAMA is the material part. The three subdivisions of the Conscious part are called AVYAYA-AKSHARA-KSHARA (अक्षर-अव्यय-क्षर). They are the respective operators.

RAJA is labelled red because, it indicates the largest scattering of visible light. SATTWA is labelled white because after the covering (hence, black) of TAMA is removed by energy (Raja), light reveals itself (darkness is the absence or covering of light). All three colors mixed together, or any one of these colors and its complement (or negative), is “colorless” – has a net color charge of zero (not present at here-now – not valueless). The Gunas exist together – never isolated (अन्योऽन्याश्रयवृत्तयः). They perpetually try to dominate over each other to produce the opposite effect (अन्योऽन्याभिभववृत्तयः) and execute their function (अन्योऽन्यजननवृत्तयः). They create different effects by different combinations (अन्योऽन्यमिथुनवृत्तयः). All composite particles, such as protons and neutrons, are labelled “color neutral” (प्रकृति). This means that if we count the colors of all the quarks and gluons inside, we will always find the amounts of red, green, and blue to be exactly equal to one another. Vedas tell the same thing (कारणानां गुणानां तु साम्यं प्रकृतिरुच्यते).

QCD talks of three anti-color charges – anti-red, anti-blue, anti-green. A color is negated by its associated anti-color and the total amount of “color” charge is always conserved, just as the total amount of “electric” charge is always conserved. Besides quarks and anti-quarks, another type of particle: “Gluons” contain “color” charge. Each gluon possesses two color charges – one “Color” and one “anti-Color” of a different type, such as “Red” and “anti-Green” or “anti-Blue”. Gluons do not possess any electric charge.

Vedas do not admit separate anti-color charges, but assign two characteristics to each of the three Gunas – one unique to it and the other anti-characteristic of some other Guna. Sattwa is massless (लघु) and radiating (anti-TAMA – प्रकाशक). Raja arrests fall (उपष्टम्भक) and is itself mobile (anti-TAMA – चल). Tama is massive (गुरु) and covers everything (anti-RAJA & SATTWA – आवरक). Thus, Sattwa is opposite of Tama (one is massless, the other is massive). Raja is opposite of Tama (one moves objects, while the other is massive obstructing motion). Once Raja removes the obstruction caused by Tama, Sattwa can reveal itself.

With three colors and three anti-colors for the quarks and antiquarks, it is the gluons – combinations of color-anticolor particles – that mediate the strong nuclear force between them. Of these, 6 are with a particular color and anti-color from another color: 1) red anti-blue, 2) red anti-green, 3) blue anti-red, 4), blue anti-green, 5) green anti-red, 6) green anti-blue. That leaves 3 more combinations: red anti-red, blue anti-blue and green anti-green. Inside a proton, a quark emits a gluon, changing its color. That gluon is absorbed by another quark, changing its color. For example, a red quark could emit a red-anti-blue gluon, turning itself blue and turning the blue quark red. But if the red quark emits a red-anti-red gluon, then it remains red. Then which quark would absorb the anti-red gluon? The green quark can’t absorb, because there is no “anti-green” part to cancel it out and turn it colorless, so that it can pick up the red from the gluon. Similarly, the blue quark can’t absorb it, because there’s no “anti-blue” in the gluon. So are there only six gluons? No. There are 8 gluons.

In group theory terms, the gluon matrix is traceless, which is the difference between the unitary group, U(3), and the special unitary group, SU(3). If the strong force were governed by U(3) instead of SU(3), there would be an extra, massless, completely colorless gluon, a particle which would behave like a second type of photon. But there is only one type of photon in the Universe. Thus, experimentally there are only 8 gluons, not the expected 9. Too complicated? Vedas make it easy.

The Gunas exist together – never isolated (अन्योऽन्याश्रयवृत्तयः) and create different effects by different combinations (अन्योऽन्यमिथुनवृत्तयः). They also have properties of their own and anti-properties of some other Guna. Since they dominate over each other to produce the opposite effect (अन्योऽन्याभिभववृत्तयः), and try to dominate each other to execute their function (अन्योऽन्यजननवृत्तयः), they develop a container-contained relationship (अन्न-अन्नादभाव). While one becomes the dominant – hence container (अन्नाद), the other two become contained (अन्न). In Vedic terminology, it is called TRIVRIT KARANA (Trification – त्रिवृत् करणम्). If we designate the three Gunas as a, b, c, respectively, assign (+) sign for their own characteristic and (–) sign for the negative characteristics of another Guna, and plot them in combination, we find only 8 combinations revolving around a central (vacuum), as shown below.

a+ b+ c+	a+ b+ c-	a- b+ c+
a+ b- c+		a+ b- c-
a- b+ c-	a- b- c+	a- b- c-

The central (none-interacting) slot is AVYAYA, while the 8 combinations are AKSHARA. These are called 8 Vasu (वसु) in the Vedas. They are named as: Agni, Jataveda, Sahoja, Ajiraprabhu, Vaishwanara, Naryapa, Paunktiradha, Visarpi (अग्निश्च जातवेदाश्च । सहोजा अजिराप्रभुः । वैश्वानरो नर्यापाश्च । पङ्क्तिराधाश्च सप्तमः । विसर्पेवाऽष्टमोऽग्नीनाम् । एतेऽष्टौ वसवः क्षिता इति ।). The quarks belong to KSHARA category.

There are six different flavors of quarks arbitrarily named: “up”, “down”, “charm”, “strange”, “top”, and “bottom”. But there is no theory on how they were created. Vedas give detailed mechanism. Initially, there was only a single force (यत्) that operated in a universal field (जु), balanced with each other (यज्जुः). That was the singularity. Due to some inexplicable reason, when this singularity was disturbed, the field was called RASA (रस) and the force was called VALA (बल). While the field is omnipresent – hence inert, the force is ever moving. When Vala is in potential form confined in the field, it is called potential energy (बल), when it is released and is in operation, it is called kinetic energy (प्राण), and after it ceases to operate, the work done is called action (क्रिया). When the force moved (कर्म), it appeared to confine parts of the field (ब्रह्म). That confined field appeared as a particle. The first force that created the appearance of a particle is called AGNI (अग्निमीळे पुरोहितंम् – इलँ प्रेर॑णे), which literally means the one at forefront (अग्नि कस्मात् । अग्रणीर्भवतीति). Motion generates heat.

Once the inert field appears to be in motion (fluid – स्वेदब्रह्म or सुब्रह्म), due to action-reaction principle, it is divided into two parts: the hot part is called ANGIRA (अङ्गिरा) and the corresponding (cold) part is called BHRIGU (भृगु). Due to the three GUNAS (color charges), they develop three divisions each. The three divisions of ANGIRA are called Agni (अग्नि), VAYU (वायु), ADITYA (आदित्य).The three divisions of BHRIGU are called SOMA (सोम), VAYU (वायु), and APAH (आपः). These are the six quarks of modern science. The first two of each group the UP quark (अग्नि) and the DOWN quark (सोम), with other quarks and gluons, constitute the universe (अग्निसोमात्मकं जगत्).

It needs to be noted that the first of the quarks (up) and the first of the gluons bear the same name (अग्नि). The reason is simple. A gluon can split up into a quark and its associated “anti-quark”, provided that the total color charge is conserved. The first red quark could emit a red-anti-blue gluon, turning itself blue and turning the blue quark red. In both cases, we find a gluon absorbing red. Similarly, the second term of both groups bear the same name because of similarity of their characteristics.

The quarks belong to two groups carrying opposite charges. There is no theory in modern science to derive the electric charge of the quarks. The measured values of these charges are +2/3 and -1/3 in electron units (-1). However, the Veda says, the modern value has an error element of 3%. The Vedas give these values as +7/11 and -4/11. This will make the charge of proton as +10/11 and that of neutron -1/11. Some will say, the residual charge of billions of atoms will make everything charged, which is not evident. The simple answer is, the residual charge is negative – directed towards the nucleus, whereas we touch them from the opposite side. When you fire a gun, the bullet does not hit you. The excess negative charge of electron over proton has been found in many experiments, but has been suppressed. Excess negative charge only can make a particle stable. If both proton and electron has equal charge, then the atom becomes charge neutral. That way, no molecule could be formed. Hence the Vedas say: तवाहमस्मि सख्ये न्योकाः – imbalance in negative charge over positive charge can make it stable. It is a little complicated, but I can explain it separately while explaining QED.

N.B.: This is not meant for laymen. It is meant only for top scientists in particle physics. I will be happy, if any scientist could prove me wrong – not reject without analysis, as they usually do due to superstition. – Basudeba Mishra